Forbidden City

Introducing Forbidden City
As the royal residences of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties from the 15th to 20th century, the Forbidden City used to be the center of State power in late feudal China. It was constructed between 1406 and 1420 by the Ming emperor Zhu Di and witnessed the enthronement of 14 Ming and 10 Qing emperors over the following 505 years. There are over a million rare and valuable works of art in the permanent collection of the Forbidden City including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

Forbidden City Fast Facts
• Chinese Name: Gu Gong Bo Wu Yuan 故宫博物院
• Best Time to Visit: All year around
• Recommended Visiting Hours: About 2 to 3 hours
• Opening Hours (closed on Monday)
Apr 1 to Oct 31: 8:30-17:00 (last entry at 16:00)
Nov 1 to Mar 31: 8:20-16:30 (last entry at 15:30)
• Entrance Fee
Apr 1 to Oct 31: CNY60
Nov 1 to Mar 31: CNY40
Treasure Gallery: CNY10
Clock & Watch Gallery: CNY10
• Address: No. 4 Jingshanqian Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing

What to expect at Forbidden City

· Layout & Construction

Extending 750 meters east-west and 960 meters north-south, the 720,000 square-meter city is the largest palatial complex in the world. The whole complex is tightly guarded by two defense lines. One is the moat, which is 52 meters wide and six meters deep, and the other is the city wall, which is 3 kilometers in length, 10 meters in height and 8.62 meters in the width at the bottom.

There are four gates in the Forbidden City : Wumen (the Meridian Gate) to the south, Shenwumen (Gate of Devine Prowess) to the north, Donghuamen to the east and Xihuamen to the west. On the four corners stand four turret towers, each with three layers of eaves and 72 ridges. They are masterpieces of the ancient architectural art.

The Forbidden City is divided into southern and northern parts: The former served as the emperor‘s work area and the latter as his living quarters. The main structures are arranged along a central axis, and the buildings on both sides of it are symmetrical.

The main structures in the work area that cannot be missed are Tai He Dian (the Hall of Supreme Harmony), Zhong He Dian (the Hall of Central Harmony) and Bao He Dian (the Hall of Preserving Harmony). All three main halls are built on an eight-meter-high platform covering a total area of about 85,000 square meters. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest and most imposing hall. It is 60.1 meters wide, 33.33 meters deep and 35.05 meters high. Here the most important ceremonies of the feudal dynasties were held, such as the emperor’s ascension to the throne, his marriage and his conferring of titles and issuing orders on expeditions. On these occasions, thousands of people chanted “long life, long life, and long, long life” to his majesty, and hundreds of musical instruments and bells and drums sounded in unison. Behind the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the Hall of Central Harmony, where the emperors used to rest and receive officials before attending major ceremonies. The northernmost structure is the Hall of Preserving Harmony, in which the emperor held banquets and interviewed successful candidates for imperial examinations.

The living quarters include the Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility and the six lesser halls on the east and west sides, which together are called “three main halls and six lesser halls”, where the emperor and his concubines lived. North of the living quarters is a small but exquisite imperial garden. In the Ming Dynasty and at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, all the emperors lived in the Palace of Heavenly Purity; empresses lived in the Palace of Earthly Tranquility. The Hall of Union was a place for the activities of the empresses. But in the middle and late periods of the Qing Dynasty, the emperors and empresses all moved to the six lesser halls on the west side. The most famous is the Hall of Mental Cultivation). It became the place where most Qing emperors starting from Emperor Yong zheng, lived and handled state affairs. It is also the place where Empress Dowager Cixi attended to state affairs behind the scenes for as long as 40 years.

· Symbolic Meanings

The Forbidden City has symbolic meanings that reflect Chinese culture in one way or another.

The name “purple forbidden city” itself is associated with ancient Chinese philosophy and astrology. The Chinese advocated a mutual sensing between man and heaven or the integration of man and heaven. So, the structure of the Forbidden City is patterned after the legendary Heavenly Palace. Ancient Chinese astrologers divided the constellation into three parts, which were surrounded by 28 stars. Among them, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure (polar star) was thought to be in the center of the heaven, the center of all stars. Purple in the name refers to the star, meaning that the imperial court was the center of man under heaven. “Forbidden” refers to the living of the imperial family, which was deemed to have supreme dignity that cannot be encroached upon.
In the palace complex, there are 9,999 rooms, and each gate has nine bronze nails. The number was associated with the knowledge about numbers possessed by the ancients. Ancients thought that “9” was the biggest, and since the emperor was the greatest among people, the number “9” is used correspondingly. In Chinese, “9” is pronounced like the word meaning “everlasting”, and so the number is used to reflect the wishes that the rule would last forever.

Astute visitors might notice that all the place names inside the palace complex include the Chinese characters “ren”, “he”,”zhong” or “an” – such as Tian‘anmen and Tai He Dian. These Chinese characters represent the heart of Confucian ideas, such as fidelity, benevolence, which give prominence to the traditions of Confucianism.

The Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qian Qing Gong), the Hall of Union (Jiao Tai Dian) and the Palace of Earthly (Kun Ning Gong) Tranquility, where emperors and empresses lived, are all associated with the Confucian classic “The Book of Changes”. According to the book, Qian means heaven, representing male; Kun means earth, representing female. Tai means peace and smooth-going. So putting together, it means peace between the heaven and earth, signifying that the emperor and the empress lived in harmony. Color in the palace complex also has profound meaning. The dominant color in the complex is yellow, especially in the layout of the Palace of Heavenly Purity. The use of the color is originated from the theory of “five elements” in the Book of Ministers. The ancients held that the world was made up of “gold, wood, water, fire and earth”. As the five elements were mutually repellent, the world changed precariously. The yellow color represented “earth”, on which all things were founded. Since the emperor was the ruler of the common people, yellow is used for all the imperial palaces.

The only structure with a roof of black tiles is Wen Yuan Ge, or the imperial library. Among the five elements, black symbolizes “water” and water is incompatible with fire, so black tiles are used for the library, representing repellence of fire. While appreciating the buildings, visitors who grasp the symbolic meanings of the structures will find that they fire greater interest. Only when the materialized Chinese culture is understood is it possible to understand the greatness of the Forbidden City or the Palace Museum.

· How the Forbidden City was built?

In 1406, Emperor Yong Le of the Ming Dynasty began building the Forbidden City. Historical records show that it took one million laborers and 100,000 craftsmen 15 years to complete the project. Despite repeated renovations and expansions by later emperors, the Forbidden City remained more or less the same in appearance and size. All buildings in the Forbidden City are constructed of wood and brick, the best materials at the time. Before entering the Forbidden City, you may see the bricks used to build the wall outside. The brick is called Deng Jiang brick or deposited mud brick. It is made by putting clay into a pool to allow it to deposit and then taking out the fine mud at the bottom and using it to make adobe. The size of each brick is usually larger than that of common bricks. It is 48 cm long, 24 cm wide and 12 cm thick, and each weighing 24 kilograms. Twelve million bricks were used to build the wall. The brick used for the floor inside the Forbidden City is another kind, called Jin Zhuan or gold brick. The brick features fine texture, golden yellowish in color. When struck, it clinks like a bell. The procedure in making such bricks was complicated. The number of bricks used to build the whole palatial complex topped 100 million.

The bricks and stone slabs are bonded by a kind of very fine material. The material is made of crushed glutinous rice mixed with egg white. Tens of thousands of kilograms of glutinous rice and eggs were used to make this Chinese “mortar”. The timber used came from mountains in suburban Fangshan County as well as from remote Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces. Most of the timber from southern China were shipped through the Grand Canal and put on banks at the Dongbianmen, or the east side gate. Some of the materials used during the Qing Dynasty also came from northeastern China.

All the tiles used in the Forbidden City were prefabricated. Designers determined the size and presented samples, and manufacturers made them as prescribed. Different places use tiles of different designs. Tens of thousands of huge stone slabs were used. The biggest piece is behind the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Carved with nine dragons, the slab measures 16.57 meters in length, 3.07 meters in width, 1.7 meters in thickness and weights about 250 tons. It took 20,000 laborers to move it from Fangshan to the building site at a cost of 110,000 tales of silver. The hauling of the slab was done in winter. A well was dug every 50 meters, and water was drawn to make ice for moving the slab. It took 28 days to move it 50 kilometers.

· Priceless Treasures
The Forbidden City is worthy of the name of treasure of the Chinese nation in terms of both materials and architectural art and from its layout to its hidden meanings. Furthermore, Forbidden City is a storehouse of numerous priceless handicrafts, rare curies, paintings and calligraphic works by famous artists, as well as official documents and historical records. In fact, the Forbidden City is China’s largest museum and biggest treasure house. Wen Hua Hall in the Forbidden City stores more than 10 million official documents drawn up by both central and local government agencies during the more than 500 years of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, totaling 74 volumes, more than 1,000 pieces. It is these historical materials that are the highest in value. The Wen Yuan Ge (Imperial Library) keeps the Si Ku Quan Shu, which includes the most important academic works in ancient China, totaling 3,503 titles and 36,304 copies. Inside the Forbidden City are more than 10 collection halls: the arts hall of all dynasties, the handicrafts and fine arts hall, the paintings hall, the toy hall of the imperial court of the Qing Dynasty, the bronze objects hall, the porcelain hall, timepiece hall, treasure hall, carvings hall and the hall of furniture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They contain about one million pieces, some of which are the only ones of their kind.

How to get to Forbidden City

By Metro
• Take Metro Line 1, and get off at Tiananmen Dong Station (Exit A) or Tiananmen Xi Station (Exit B). Then, walk to the Forbidden City.
• Take Metro Line 2, and get off at Qianmen Station (Exit A). Walk north through the Tiananmen Square and get the Forbidden City.

By Bus
• Take Bus No. 1, 2, 52, 59, 82, 120, Tourist Bus Line 2 or Tourist Bus Line 1 or 2, and get off at Tiananmen Dong Station;
• Take Bus No. 58, 101, 103, 109, 124 or 685, and get off at Gugong Station.

Additional travel advice on Forbidden City
• Please wear comfortable shoes for it normally takes over 2 hours for the visiting.
• The Forbidden City carries out a south-to-north unidirectional itinerary. Visitors can only enter it through the Meridian Gate (Wumen) and exit from the Gate of Divine Prowess (Shenwumen) or Donghuamen.
• Smoking is forbidden in the Museum.